Standardized Anthropometric Measurements Protocol

At each exam, height, weight, and WC were measured in replicate in light clothing without shoes according to standardized protocol [2 (link),57 (link)]. Height was measured to the nearest 0.2 cm via portable stadiometer (Seca Corporation, Chino, CA), and weight was measured to the nearest 0.1 kg via calibrated balance beam scale. WC was measured midway between the iliac crest and the lowest lateral portion of the rib cage (anteriorly at the point midway between the xiphoid process of the sternum and the umbilicus) using a Seca tape measure, and an average of 2 measures to the nearest 0.5 cm was used. BMI was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared (kg/m²) [8 ].