Main study results and methods for AHI screening are described elsewhere.5 (link),14 (link) Briefly, between June 2012-January 2014, persons ≥18 years who tested HIV-seronegative or serodiscordant at two HIV testing and counseling clinics and two sexually transmitted infections (STI) clinics, were screened for the presence of plasma HIV RNA. HIV serostatus testing was done according to Malawian standard of care with two serial rapid tests, Alere Determine HIV-1/2 (Alere) and Unigold Recombigen HIV-1/2 (Trinity Biotech), with a third test for resolution of discordant results (if positive, persons were considered HIV-seropositive). AHI screening was conducted using Abbott RealTime HIV-1 Assay (Abbott Laboratories, Chicago, IL, reportable range of 40–10,000,000 copies/mL) or COBAS AMPLICOR HIV-1 MONITOR test (Roche, Pleasanton, CA, reportable range of 400–750,000 copies/mL). AHI was defined as the presence of HIV RNA in a person with seronegative or serodiscordant antibody results. Participants were randomized to standard of care (SC), sexual behavioral intervention (BI), or sexual behavioral intervention and ART (BIA) (1:2:2 ratio) and were followed for 52 weeks.