Carboxyl-polystyrene beads of 2.0-μm diameters (Spherotech, Lake Forest, IL) were covalently coupled with streptavidin (Invitrogen) as previously described.[15 (link), 17 (link)] Briefly, streptavidin-coated beads were incubated with a VWF domain fragment. SpyCatcher was coupled to biotin-DNA handle, and then incubated with streptavidin beads. For pulling experiments, one bead with an Avi-His-SpyTag VWF fragment on its surface was fixed by the micropipette, while the other bead coupled with SpyCatcher-DNA handle was trapped and controlled by the optical tweezers. The force measurement was performed at force-ramp mode, where the stretching force increases linearly with the pulling distance. The force-extension data were fitted to the WLC model [18 (link)] to determine its mechanical properties.