Murine osteoclasts were prepared from bone marrow cells as previously described (Kim et al., 2007 (link); 2015 (link)). In brief, mouse bone marrow cells were isolated from tibiae and femurs of 6–8 week old ICR mice by flushing the bone marrows with α-minimal essential medium (α-MEM). Bone marrow cells were cultured in α-MEM (Hyclone Laboratories, USA), containing 10% fetal bovine serum (FBS) with M-CSF (30 ng/ml), for 3 days. Adherent cells [bone marrow-derived macrophage-like cells (BMMs)] were further cultured with M-CSF (30 ng/ml) and RANKL (20–150 ng/ml) for 3 days. Cultured cells were fixed and stained for TRAP. TRAP-positive cells with more than three nuclei were counted as osteoclasts.