Transfections of 2′3′-cGAMP (Invivogen), htDNA (Sigma-Aldrich), and poly I:C (Sigma-Aldrich) were performed using Lipofectamine 2000 (Thermo Fisher Scientific) as previously described (Dobbs et al., 2015 (link)). After 6 h of treatment, RNA was isolated using Trizol (Sigma-Aldrich), and ISGs and IFN-β were measured via qRT-PCR.