EMSA was performed as previously described with minor modifications39 (link). Full-length OsGIF1 and SLR1 cDNAs were amplified and cloned into the pCold-TF vector (Takara). His-OsGIF1 and His-SLR1 recombinant proteins were purified using Ni-NTA agarose (QIAGEN, 30210), following the manufacturer’s instructions. GST (Glutathione S-transferase) and GST-OsGRF4 recombinant protein were expressed in the Escherichia coli BL21 (DE3) strain and then purified using Glutathione Sepharose 4B beads (GE Healthcare, 17-0756-01). 42 bp DNA probes were artificially amplified and labelled using a biotin label kit (Biosune). DNA gel shift assays were performed using the LightShift Chemiluminescent EMSA kit (Thermo Fisher Scientific, 20148). Relevant primer sequences are given in Supplementary Information Table 8.