To evaluate PVL and CD4+ T-cell decline, peripheral blood was obtained on a weekly and bimonthly basis, respectively. Plasma RNA was extracted utilizing the E.Z.N.A. Viral RNA kit (Omega bio-tek, Norcross, CA) and the manufacturer’s instructions. Viral load was quantified using the iScript One-Step RT-PCR kit with SYBR Green (BioRad, Hercules, CA) per the manufacturer’s instructions as described previously.10 (link),14 (link) CD4+ T-cell decline was determined by staining whole blood with fluorophore conjugated anti-human CD45-FitC (eBioscience), CD3-PE (eBioscience), and CD4-PE/Cy5 (BD Pharmigen, San Jose, CA) antibodies. BD Accuri C6 FACS Analyzer was used to determine cell counts as described previously.13 (link),14 (link) The CD4+ T-cell decline between the infected and uninfected mice was assessed using a two-tailed Student’s t-test (p<0.001).