Cells of the mouse macrophage cell line Raw 264.7 were cultured in RPMI 1640 containing 10% fetal bovine serum (both from Biowest, Riverside, MO, USA), supplemented with 10% non-essential amino acids, 1% 2-mercaptoethanol, and 10% penicillin (all from Gibco, Carlsbad, CA, USA). Cells were maintained at 37°C in humidified air with 5% carbon dioxide. Inflammation analysis methods were the same as in our previous study.15) (link) Before treatment, cells were washed twice with pH 7.4 PBS (Gibco). Cells were then incubated with 0.1 µg/mL lipopolysaccharide (LPS) for 1 hour, then with 2 mM ATP for 0.5 hour, followed by treatment with 30 µM dapagliflozin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). For NF-κB inhibition, QNZ (EVP4593; Selleckchem, Houston, TX, USA) was used as 0.1 µM for 1 hour pretreatment.