According to a previously published protocol (28 (link)), we packaged the AAV helper-free system (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA), the pRep-Cap (AAV5; Applied Viromics, Fremont, CA), and the pHelper plasmid. AAV was purified using a cesium chloride density gradient, combined with ultracentrifugation. Virus titer was determined using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis (SYBR green; Takara Bio Inc., Shiga, Japan).