Blood and urine samples were taken after 12 h of fasting. Plasma renin activity (GammaCoat Plasma Renin Activity 125-I RIA Kit, DiaSorin, Saluggia, Italy) and aldosterone concentration (Active Aldosterone RIA, Beckman Coulter, Fullerton, CA, USA) were determined using commercial kits. Plasma C-reactive protein (CRP), sodium, potassium, glucose, creatinine, cystatin C, uric acid, triglyceride, and total, HDL and LDL (high- and low-density lipoprotein, respectively) cholesterol concentrations were determined using Cobas Integra 800 (F. Hoffmann-LaRoche Ltd, Basel, Switzerland). Insulin and parathyroid hormone (PTH) were determined using electrochemiluminescence immunoassay (Cobas e411, Roche Diagnostics). Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated using the Chronic Kidney Disease – Epidemiology collaboration (CKD-EPI) cystatin C equation27 (link). Insulin sensitivity was evaluated by the quantitative insulin sensitivity check index (QUICKI)28 (link), and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR)29 (link). In addition, the subjects were invited to participate in a standard 75-g oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) for the determination of the Matsuda index30 (link).
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