Ligands were prepared for docking using the Sybyl 7.3 Molecular Modeling Suite of Tripos, Inc. 3D conformations were generated using Concord 4.051 , hydrogen atoms were added and charges were loaded using the Gasteiger and Marsili charge calculation method.52 Basic amines were protonated and acidic carboxyl groups were de-protonated prior to charge calculation. The AMPPD ligand was minimized with the Tripos Force Field prior to docking using the Powell method with an initial Simplex53 optimization and 1000 iterations or gradient termination at 0.01 kcal/(mol*A). Input ligand file format was mol2 for all docking programs investigated.