γδ T cell were cultured as previously described (28 (link)). Briefly, splenocyte were cultured at 1 × 106 cells per ml in RPMI 1640 containing 10% FCS, antibiotics, 1 X Glutamax (Gibco), 10mM HEPES (Gibco), 1mM sodium pyruvate (Gibco), 55 μM β-mercaptoethanol and non-essential amino acids (Gibco) with 5ng/ml recombinant IL-23 (R&D Systems), 5ng/ml rIL-1β (R&D Systems) and 10μg/ml anti-IFN-g (BioLegend) in 96-well round-bottom plates coated with 1 μg/ml anti-TCR-γδ (clone GL3; Biolegend) for 3 days. Cells were washed and re-seeded on fresh plastic at 1 × 106 cells/ml for a further 3 days as above without TCR-γδ stimulation. Cells were collected at day 6 for flow cytometry analysis.