Muscle sample preparation and western blot analysis were performed as described previously (26 (link)). The following primary antibodies were used: LC3 (Novus Biological NB100–2220), p62/SQSTM1 (sigma P0067), Atg6 (Novus Biological NB500–249), Atg7 (R&D systems MAB6608), Puromycin (Kerafast EQ001), Akt (Cell signaling CST9272), p-Akt (S473) (Cell signaling CST9271), Raptor (Cell signaling CST2280), p-p70S6k (T389) (Cell signaling CST9205), p70S6k (Abcam AB37699), p-4e-bp-1 (S65) (Cell signaling CST9451), 4e-bp-1 (Cell signaling CST9452), Cox4 (Abcam AB33985), OXPHOS cocktail (Thermo PA5–28220), and Gapdh (Cell signaling CST2118).