Protein expression and localization analysis

Western blot analysis was carried out as previously described [12 (link)] with diluted (1:1,000) anti-NPL4 antibodies (Novus bio, CO, USA), anti-AKR1B1 antibodies (GTX113381; Gene Tex, Inc., Irvine CA, USA), anti-PSAT1 antibodies (GTX633623; Gene Tex), and anti-b-actin antibodies (bs-0061R; Bioss). For immunofluorescence analyses, nuclei were stained with DAPI (1 mg/mL; Kirkegaard and Perry Laboratories), and slides were mounted in Fluoromount (Diagnostic Biosystems). Anti-NPL4 antibodies were used as the primary antibody at a dilution of 1:100, and binding was visualized using secondary antibodies conjugated to Alexa Fluor 488 (ab150077; Abcam).