The DNA encoding the DPP4 extracellular domain (residues 39–766) was amplified by PCR from the full-length DPP4 gene and subsequently cloned into a modified vector pFastBac1 with six His residues at the C-terminus. Twelve DPP4 mutations, including eight mutations identified from individuals (D65E, P290L, A291P, S323L, T351A, V486M, R492K, and K554Q) of which the detailed information refers to our previous study [25 (link)] and four mutations for confirmatory research (K122D, D243A, P257A, and S664P) were introduced into DPP4 by using phanata master mix DNA polymerase (Vazyme Biotech, catalog number: P515, Nanjing, China), followed by digestion of the template DNA with Dpn I (Thermo Fisher Scientific, catalog number: ER1702, Waltham, MA, USA).