Transthoracic echocardiograms were acquired by use of Vivid 7 or E9 (GE Healthcare) and analyzed on the EchoPAC workstation (GE Healthcare) (8 (link), 17 (link)). Left ventricular end-diastolic and end-systolic volumes were measured by the Simpson method of discs (18 (link)) in the apical 4- and 2-chamber views, and LVEF was calculated as follows: (end-diastolic volume – end-systolic volume)/enddiastolic volume × 100%. All measurements were made at a centralized reading center by a single observer who was blinded to all clinical and biomarker data.