The outcome variable was malnutrition, as indicated by stunting and overweight children under five years of age, that is, children 0–59 months old.
Children were weighed in kilograms and had their height measured in meters by trained field workers at their homes. The field workers were employed by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU) at the University of Cape Town. Stunting was defined as height-for-age, and overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) for age. The WHO child growth standards and the WHO AnthroPlus software were used to compute the indicators for child malnutrition [38 ]. Children with a z-score of ≤−2 were classified as being stunted, and children presenting with a z-score of ≥2 were classified as overweight/obese [38 ].
Children were weighed in kilograms and had their height measured in meters by trained field workers at their homes. The field workers were employed by the South African Labour and Development Research Unit (SALDRU) at the University of Cape Town. Stunting was defined as height-for-age, and overweight was defined as body mass index (BMI) for age. The WHO child growth standards and the WHO AnthroPlus software were used to compute the indicators for child malnutrition [38 ]. Children with a z-score of ≤−2 were classified as being stunted, and children presenting with a z-score of ≥2 were classified as overweight/obese [38 ].
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