All detection kits were purchased from Beyotime Institute of Biotechnology (Beijing, China). Fasting serum insulin (FINS) and GSP levels were measured by using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kit according to their manufacturer’s instruction.
The levels of ALT, AST, Scr, BUN, serum total proteins (TP), albumin (ALB), total cholesterol (TC), and triglyceride (TG) in serum were detected by Olympus AU400 automatic biochemistry analyzer (Olympus, Tokyo, Japan). The SOD activity, MDA and GSP levels in serum were determined with SOD, MDA and GSP detection kits according to the manufacturer’s protocols.
The OGTT procedure was performed at the end of 0, 3, 20 and 48 weeks after induction of diabetes. After food restricted for 6 h, blood samples were collected from snipped tails by tail milking at 0, 30, 60, and 120 min after administration of d-glucose (20% solution; 2 g/kg BW) by stomach tube. 1, 3, 20 and 44 weeks after induction of diabetes, fasting plasma glucose (FBG) and fasting serum insulin (FINS) were determined as described previously [12 (link)]. The OGTT-area under curve (OGTT-AUC) was calculated by the following formula:
Homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA) of beta-cell function (HOMA-B) and assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were calculated by the HOMA method using the following equations:

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