Uncoated n-TiO2 powders of anatase (10–30 nm, 99.5%) and rutile (10–30 nm, 99.5%) polymorphs and mixture of anatase/rutile (10–30 nm, 30% rutile and 70% anatase) were purchased from Skyspring Nanomaterials Inc., Houston, TX USA. Some physical properties of these nanopowders are summarized in Table 1 . Aqueous suspensions were prepared as described elsewhere (Ates et al., 2013a (link)). Briefly, 1% (m/v) n-TiO2 (e.g., 10,000 mg/mL) stocks were prepared by dispersing appropriate amount of each n-TiO2 powder in 100 mL deionized water. These suspensions were vortexed for 20 s, and then sonicated in an ultrasonic bath for about 10 min for maximum dispersion. Then, appropriate volumes were immediately transferred into the exposure tanks containing Artemia salina larvae in seawater.
Artemia cysts (The Great Salt Lake, Utah harvest) were purchased from Artemia International LLC, Houston TX, and were kept in a refrigerator at 4°C. High purity acids were used for instrumental chemical analyses. Hydrofluoric acid (HF, 99.999%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Trace metal grade nitric acid (HNO3) was procured from Fisher Scientific. Carbon coated Cu TEM grids (300 mesh) were purchased for Electron Microscopy Sciences (EMS), Hatfield, PA and used in measurement of particle size of n-TiO2 in stocks and experimental colloids.
Artemia cysts (The Great Salt Lake, Utah harvest) were purchased from Artemia International LLC, Houston TX, and were kept in a refrigerator at 4°C. High purity acids were used for instrumental chemical analyses. Hydrofluoric acid (HF, 99.999%) was purchased from Sigma Aldrich. Trace metal grade nitric acid (HNO3) was procured from Fisher Scientific. Carbon coated Cu TEM grids (300 mesh) were purchased for Electron Microscopy Sciences (EMS), Hatfield, PA and used in measurement of particle size of n-TiO2 in stocks and experimental colloids.
