Detailed Diabetes Biomarker Assessment

Diabetes duration was self-reported. Blood pressure was measured three times using a semi-automated blood pressure monitor, and the mean value was used. Fasting plasma glucose, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol and triacylglycerols were quantified by enzymatic methods (Roche Cobas Integra 700; Roche Diagnostics, Basel, Switzerland). HbA_1c was measured using a point-of-care analyser (DCA Vantage Analyzer; Siemens, Munich, Germany). Serum creatinine was measured using an enzymatic method, and GFR was estimated using the CKD-EPI equation [26 (link)]. Urinary albumin was quantified using an immunoturbidimetric assay (Roche Cobas c, Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany). Plasma C-reactive protein was quantified using an immunoassay kit (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN, USA). Fasting plasma C-peptide was measured using an ELISA kit (Mercodia, Uppsala, Sweden). Both intra- and inter-assay CVs were <5%. HOMA2-B (%) and HOMA2-IR were calculated based on fasting glucose and C-peptide (https://www.dtu.ox.ac.uk/homacalculator/, version 2.2.3).