HeLa PKR-KO cells (provided by A. Geballe) (29 ) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum and puromycin (1 μg/ml; Sigma-Aldrich). RK13+E3L+K3L cells (rabbit) (60 (link)) were maintained in DMEM supplemented with 5% fetal bovine serum, penicillin/streptomycin (100 IU/ml), geneticin (500 μg/ml), and zeocin (300 μg/ml; Gibco). Wild-type (Invitrogen) and PKR-KO T-REx-293 cells were grown in DMEM supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, penicillin/streptomycin (100 IU/ml), zeocin (100 μg/ml), and blasticidin (15 μg/ml; Gibco). The T-REx-293 cells stably expressing the bat PKRs were under constant selection with blasticidin (15 μg/ml) and hygromycin (50 μg/ml; Invitrogen).