The cp genomes of 6 reported Aconitum species and 1 exogenous species were loaded from the NCBI website, which are, A. flavum (MW839582.1), A. pendulum (MW839578.1), A. brachypodum (NC_041579.1), A. vilmorinianum (MH063436.1), A. kusnezoffii (MK253471.1), A. carmichaelii (KY407560.1), and D. yunnanense (MW246158.1). CGView software was used to evaluate the cp genome structures of the eight plants [39 (link)]. Mauve v2.3.1 was used to analyze at the homology and covariance of cp sequences [40 (link)]. For broad comparison of homologous gene sequences from different plants, the MAFFT v7.310 (automatic mode) [41 (link)] was employed. Nucleotide diversity (PI) values for each gene were calculated using DNAsp v5.0 [42 (link)]. The IR, SSC, and LSC region boundary information was visualized using the SVG package in Perl. MAFFT v7.310 software was used to compare gene sequences, and Ka/Ks Calculator v2.0 software was utilized to calculate the Ka/Ks values of the genes.
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