NK cells were expanded as previously described [27 (link), 28 (link)]. Ficoll-purified PBMCs (20 ×106 cells) from healthy or ALL patients were co-cultured with 10×106 irradiated K562 clone 9. mblL21 artificial antigen-presenting cells (aAPC) for two weeks. K562 clone 9 cells were a kind gift from Dr. Dean A. Lee. Cells were grown in RPMI-1640 medium supplemented with 10% FBS (Sigma) and 1% penicillin/streptomycin (Hyclone). Fresh media was added every third day containing IL2 (100 U/mL; PeproTech). NK cells were purified at the end of the two-week coculture using MojoSort Human NK cell Isolation Kit (BioLegend). NK cells purity (>95%) was determined via flow cytometry (BD Accuri C6) using CD56 (5.11H11) and CD3 (HIT3a) antibodies from BioLegend.