Anthropometric measurements included weight measured to the nearest 0.1 kg using an electronic weighing scale (Seca, USA) and height using a stadiometer measured to the nearest 0.1 cm. BMI (kg/m2) and TMI (kg/m3) were determined using height and weight measurements from all participants. BMI percentile was determined from the Children’s BMI Tool for Schools60 (link). BMI z-scores were determined from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth chart61 .
Fat mass percentage (%FM) was used to determine adiposity in the participants that was measured with the Tanita body fat monitor (Tanita Corporation, Illinois, USA)62 (link).