Upon inclusion venous blood was sampled for malaria microscopy, full blood count (Sysmex XS1000i (Sysmex Corporation, Kobe, Japan)) and blood cultures (1–3 ml pediatric culture bottle (BD BACTEC Peds PlusTM /F, (Becton Dickinson and Company, Sparks, Maryland, USA)) as previously described [11 (link)]. Malaria was diagnosed by microscopy [12 ] and, at HC Nazoanga, also by rapid diagnostic test (RDT, SD Bioline Antigene Pf (Standard Diagnostics, Hagal-Dong, Korea)).
Samples from CMA were transported to CRUN within 15 minutes after collection. For HC Nazoanga, samples were stored and transported to CRUN by car (ambient temperature for blood cultures, 2–8°C for EDTA-anticoagulated blood) at the end of each day and transport time was recorded. The quality indicators are reported in