Cell viability was determined by Zombie Aqua staining (29 (link)) (Biolegend, San Diego, CA), then incubated with fluorophore-conjugated antibodies at 1:10 dilution for 15 minutes at 4 C, then washed twice and resuspended in 2% PFA solution until analysis. Intracellular flow cytometry was performed (30 (link)) and analyzed using an LSR Fortessa cytometer (BD Biosciences), and FlowJo version 10 software (Ashland, OR). Median fluorescence intensity (MFI) fold change calculated by normalizing after subtracting the isotype control MFI.