Western blot analysis was performed as described previously with minor changes (Beisel and Storz 2011 (link); Thomason et al. 2012 (link)). Samples were separated on a precasted 5%–20% Tris-Glycine (Bio-Rad) or 16% Tris-Tricine (Invitrogen) and transferred to a nitrocellulose membrane (Invitrogen). Membranes were blocked in 5% milk. To detect Lpp, the blocked membranes were probed with a 1:100,000 dilution of α-Lpp antibody (kindly provided by the laboratory of T. Silhavy) followed by incubation with a 1:20,000 dilution of HRP goat anti-rabbit IgG (Abcam) or a 1:10,000 dilution of IRDye800 goat anti-rabbit IgG (Licor). To detect GroEL, the membranes were incubated with a 1:20,000 dilution of α-GroEL mouse monoclonal (Abcam) followed by incubation with a 1:40,000 dilution of HRP goat anti-mouse IgG (Abcam). For both Lpp and GroEL, the membranes were developed using SuperSignal West Pico chemiluminescent substrate (Thermo Scientific) and exposed to KODAK Blue-XB film. To detect RpoA, the membranes were incubated with a 1:1000 dilution of α-RpoA mouse monoclonal antibody (Neoclone) followed by incubation with 1:10,000 IRDye680 goat anti-mouse IgG (Licor). Fluorescent antibodies were visualized on an Odyessy imager (Licor).