Protein extracts were prepared with RIPA buffer containing a mixture of protease inhibitors as described.23 (link) Briefly, 50 μg of protein was applied to a 12% SDS/PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membranes. Membranes were incubated with Odyssey blocking buffer (Li-Cor) prior to incubation with polyclonal or monoclonal antibodies to phospho-JNK, p53, caspase3, or β-actin overnight at 4°C. Goat anti-rabbit IgG (HþL) 800 CW and/or goat anti-mouse (HþL) was applied for 60 minutes at room temperature (1:25,000, LI-COR) prior to washing with 1X Phosphate Buffered Saline Tween-20 (PBS-T). Visualization and quantification were carried out with the LI-COR OdysseyH scanner and software (LI-COR Biosciences).