Data were collected via file reviews for six months from the date of getting exemption from the ethical review committee (ref- 2019-1589-4058) following variables, were considered: demographics, the suspected source of infection, vital signs, initial and repeat serum lactate concentrations, initially at admission and then 6 hours later, use of vasopressin, and intravenous fluid, information on comorbid conditions, hospital length of stay and outcome information. Illness severity was defined using the presence of individual organ system failures as assessed by the worst recorded values for each organ system: cardiovascular = initial Systolic BP less than 90 mmHg; pulmonary = new oxygen requirement or PaO2/FIO2 less than 300; renal = serum creatinine more than 2.0 mg/dL; hepatic = serum bilirubin greater than 2.0 mg/dL; hematologic = platelets less than 100,000/2L or international normalized ratio more than 1.5 sec; neurologic = a new finding of altered mental status (history or physical exam) and calculation of the Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score.
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