This study was approved by the Reproductive Medicine Ethics Committee of Chengdu Jinjiang Hospital for Maternal & Child Health Care (approval number: 2019003) and followed the Helsinki Declaration. All participants were informed of the nature of the study and signed a written informed consent before participation.
The participants were recruited between Oct 2020 and Mar 2022, including unpregnant (UP), normally pregnant (NP), and SA women. Intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed through serum and urine β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) tests and Doppler ultrasound, and the SA was diagnosed as the unintentional end of pregnancy. The inclusion criteria were: (1) less than 35 years old, body mass index (BMI) < 28 kg/m2, and no history of smoking and drinking in the three months before endometrial collection (UP women) or during this pregnancy (NP and SA women); (2) for participants in UP and NP groups, no history of adverse pregnancy (such as SA, premature delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension, placental abruption), hypertension, cryptorrhea (such as diabetes), and immune and infectious diseases; for participants in SA group, experienced at least one SA before this pregnancy, no normal childbearing history, and no use of immunomodulators and anticoagulants during this pregnancy; (3) no anatomical abnormalities of uterine, such as septate, unicornate, bicornate and didelphis uteri, were observed in the ultrasound examination before participation; (4) the UP volunteers agreed to donate endometrial tissue one week after ovulation, the NP women chose to terminate the healthy pregnancies voluntarily, and the SA women selected induced abortion after the demised fetus was confirmed; (5) no chromosomal abnormalities were identified in the aborted tissues; (6) the days of pregnancy (DOP) in NP and SA women were 42 to 70 days. As a result, 43 participants were recruited, including 10, 15, and 18 in the UP, NP, and SA groups, respectively, and the general characteristics are shown inTable S1
The participants were recruited between Oct 2020 and Mar 2022, including unpregnant (UP), normally pregnant (NP), and SA women. Intrauterine pregnancy was diagnosed through serum and urine β-human chorionic gonadotropin (β-hCG) tests and Doppler ultrasound, and the SA was diagnosed as the unintentional end of pregnancy. The inclusion criteria were: (1) less than 35 years old, body mass index (BMI) < 28 kg/m2, and no history of smoking and drinking in the three months before endometrial collection (UP women) or during this pregnancy (NP and SA women); (2) for participants in UP and NP groups, no history of adverse pregnancy (such as SA, premature delivery, pregnancy-induced hypertension, placental abruption), hypertension, cryptorrhea (such as diabetes), and immune and infectious diseases; for participants in SA group, experienced at least one SA before this pregnancy, no normal childbearing history, and no use of immunomodulators and anticoagulants during this pregnancy; (3) no anatomical abnormalities of uterine, such as septate, unicornate, bicornate and didelphis uteri, were observed in the ultrasound examination before participation; (4) the UP volunteers agreed to donate endometrial tissue one week after ovulation, the NP women chose to terminate the healthy pregnancies voluntarily, and the SA women selected induced abortion after the demised fetus was confirmed; (5) no chromosomal abnormalities were identified in the aborted tissues; (6) the days of pregnancy (DOP) in NP and SA women were 42 to 70 days. As a result, 43 participants were recruited, including 10, 15, and 18 in the UP, NP, and SA groups, respectively, and the general characteristics are shown in
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