To investigate the association of BMPR1 and Iβ1, we performed Förster Resonance Energy Transfer (FRET)23 (link), 27 (link). Briefly, the donor antibody (anti Iβ1 (SantaCruz)) was labeled with Alexa Fluor® 488 Carboxylic Acid, Succinimidyl Ester (Life Technologies) (Iβ1-488) and the acceptor antibody (anti TGF-β RII (SantaCruz)) was labeled with Alexa Fluor® 546 Carboxylic Acid, Succinimidyl Ester (Life Technologies) (BMPRI-546) in a 2.25:1 molar ratio of antibody:dye overnight at 4°C. Labelled antibody was purified with size exclusion chromatography using PD-10 Desalting Columns (GE Healthcare). Rat MSCs were plated on pre-soaked compliant (5 MPa) and rigid (266 MPa) PUR films. After 24 hours of culture, cells were fixed with 10% Formaldehyde in PBS and stained overnight at 4° with Iβ1-488 and Iβ1-488 + BMPRI-546 (1 ug/1×106 cells). FRET experiments were performed on a BioTek Synergy 2 plate reader using excitation filter 485/20 and emission filter 530/35.