MAPK activation was detected following the described procedure [35 (link),71 (link)]. Briefly, rice seedlings were treated with chitin (10 μg mL−1) or sterile H2O with 0.01% Silwet L-77 (GE Healthcare). The treated seedlings were collected for protein extraction at 15 min after treatment. Total protein extracts were subjected to immunoblotting with anti-phospho-p44/42 MAPK antibody (Cell Signaling Technology, Danvers, MA, USA).
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