Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing Protocol

MICs were determined by broth microdilution according to CLSI guidelines (Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, 2020 ) for the following antibiotics (potency and origin): amikacin (Amukin 500 mg/2 ml for injection, S.A. Bristol-Myers Squibb, Belgium), azithromycin (100%, SMB, Brussels, Belgium), ceftazidime (2 g for IV injection, 72.5%, PAN Pharma, Luitré, France), chloramphenicol (98%, Sigma-Aldrich), ciprofloxacin (98%, Fluka, Sigma-Aldrich), colistin sulfate salt (79.6%, Sigma-Aldrich), doxycycline hyclate (86.6%, Sigma-Aldrich), meropenem (500 mg powder for solution for injection or infusion, 92%, Hospira UK Ltd., Hurley, United Kingdom), piperacillin (94.2%, Sigma-Aldrich, Maryland Heights, MO), temocillin (84%, Eumedica Pharmaceuticals, Manage, Belgium), ticarcillin disodium salt (85.2%, Sigma-Aldrich), and tobramycin (100%, Teva, Wilrijk, Belgium). Tazobactam sodium salt (92.4%, Cubist Pharmaceuticals, Lexington, MA) and avibactam (99.6%, AstraZeneca Pharmaceuticals, Waltham, MA) were used as inhibitors for β-lactamases. Berberine (chloride hydrate, 82.1%; Sigma-Aldrich), known to attenuate the MexXY-OprM/OprA-mediated aminoglycoside resistance in P. aeruginosa (Morita et al., 2016 (link)), was used to reduce AxyXY-OprZ activity.

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Chalhoub H., Kampmeier S., Kahl B.C, & Van Bambeke F. (2022). Role of Efflux in Antibiotic Resistance of Achromobacter xylosoxidans and Achromobacter insuavis Isolates From Patients With Cystic Fibrosis. Frontiers in Microbiology, 13, 762307.

Publication 2022

chloramphenicol ciprofloxacin colistin sulfate salt doxycycline hyclate piperacillin ticarcillin disodium salt avibactam Berberine (chloride hydrate,

Aeruginosa p Amikacin Aminoglycoside Amukin Antibiotics Avibactam Azithromycin Berberine Ceftazidime Chloramphenicol Chloride Ciprofloxacin Clinical laboratory Colistin sulfate Doxycycline hyclate Inhibitors Meropenem Mics Pharmaceuticals Piperacillin Powder Salt Tazobactam sodium Temocillin Ticarcillin disodium Tobramycin

Corresponding Organization : UCLouvain

Other organizations : University Hospital Münster

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Variable analysis

independent variables

Antibiotics: amikacin, azithromycin, ceftazidime, chloramphenicol, ciprofloxacin, colistin sulfate salt, doxycycline hyclate, meropenem, piperacillin, temocillin, ticarcillin disodium salt, tobramycin
Inhibitors: tazobactam sodium salt, avibactam
Attenuator: berberine (chloride hydrate)

dependent variables

Minimum Inhibitory Concentrations (MICs) of the antibiotics

control variables

Broth microdilution method according to CLSI guidelines
Potency and origin of the antibiotics and inhibitors

positive controls

Not explicitly mentioned

negative controls

Not explicitly mentioned

Annotations

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