ATP content was measured using the ATP bioluminescence assay kit CLS II (Roche, Heidelberg, Germany) as previously described (Shu et al., 2021 (link)). Protein content was measured using the Pierce BCA Assay kit. 20 μg of protein was run in duplicate in a white, flat-bottom 96-well microplate. Determination of free ATP was performed against an ATP standard curve. Luminescence was determined at 60 ms integration using a Synergy H1 Plate Reader (BioTek, Winooski, VT, United States).
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