HCFs, T1DMs, and T2DMs were seeded at a density of 1 × 106/well on 0.4 μM polycarbonate membranes (Corning, Corning, NY, USA), as previously described [27 (link), 30 (link)–32 (link)]. Cultures were maintained in EMEM, 10% FBS, and 1% AA and further stimulated by 0.5 mM stable vitamin C (VitC; 0.5 mM 2-O-α-D-glucopyranosyl-L-ascorbic acid, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA) in order to promote secretion and assembly of extracellular matrix (ECM). The constructs were maintained in VitC media for 2 or 4 weeks with media changes occurring every other day [29 (link)].
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