TGF-β1, TNF-α, and MDA levels of the conditioned medium or protein secretion of the samples were determined by ELISA assay using the mouse TGF-β1 (Elabscience, E-EL-M0051, China), TNF-α (Elabscience, E-EL-M0049, China), and MDA (Elabscience, E-EL-0060, China) ELISA kits following manufacturer’s protocols, then the absorbance were all read at 450 nm using microplate spectrophotometer (Multiskan GO, Thermo Fisher Scientific, USA) (24 25 26 (link)).