To stimulate caspase-11 noncanonical inflammasome activation, LPS was electroporated into indicated cells using the Neon Transfection System (Thermo Fisher Scientific) according to the manufacturer’s protocol. Briefly, BMDMs were electroporated with LPS (1 to 3 μg) in buffer R (no. MPK10025, Thermo Fisher Scientific) under pulse voltage of 1400 V, pulse width of 10 ms, and pulse number 2 (5 (link)).