Human NTCP proteins were expressed in High Five insect cells (Thermo Fisher Scientific) using the Bac-to-Bac baculovirus expression system (Thermo Fisher Scientific), and cultured cells were disrupted by homogenization. The membrane fraction was isolated and solubilized with 1% dodecylmaltoside (DDM; Anatrace, Maumee, OH). Solubilized proteins were purified with StrepTactin affinity beads (StrepTactin Sepharose; GE Healthcare, Chicago, IL), an anion-exchange column (HiTrap Q HP; GE Healthcare), and a size exclusion column (Superose 6 Increase; GE Healthcare) in Tris-HCl buffer (pH 7.0) containing 0.1 M NaCl, 0.05% DDM, and 0.002% cholesteryl hemisuccinate (Anatrace). Purified proteins were reconstituted into liposomes consisting of egg phosphatidylcholine with the adjuvant lipid A (50 (link), 51 (link)).
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