DNA was isolated from blood using the Gentra Puregene blood kit (Qiagen, Germantown, MD) according to the manufacturer’s recommendations. Genotypes were determined by a researcher who was unaware of the clinical status of the participants using 5′-fluorogenic exonuclease assays (TaqMan®, Applied Biosystems, Foster City, CA). The ANKK1 rs1800497 variant was genotyped using the TaqMan® primer-probe sets (Applied Biosystems) assay ID C_7486676_10, and the DRD2 rs2283265 variant with assay ID C__16070796_10. PCR amplifications were performed in duplicate using Platinum® quantitative PCR SuperMix-UDG (Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA) on a ViiA7 and ViiA 7 Software v1.1 was used for data analysis (Applied Biosystems). SRY was genotyped to determine sex (Kosten et al., 2013 (link)). Ten ancestry-informative markers were genotyped to determine population structure, and the data from our cohort were compared against CEPH-HGDP samples (1,035 subjects of 51 populations) as previously described (Kosten et al., 2013 (link)).