Two well-established normal human cholangiocyte cell lines: i) the H69 cells were kindly provided from Dr. Douglas M. Jefferson (Tufts University), and ii) the NHC cell line (19 (link)). Four cholangiocarcinoma cell lines: i) the MzCha1 cell line was kindly provided by Dr. Greg Fitz (University of Texas Southwestern), ii) the HuCCA1 cell line was kindly provided by Dr. Stitaya Sirisinha (Mahidol University), iii) the TFK-1 cell line was kindly provided by Dr. Mario Strazzabosco (Yale University), and iv) the HuCCT1 cell line was purchased from Japanese Collection of Research Bioresources (JCRB) Cell Bank (National Institutes of Biomedical Innovation, Health and Nutrition, Osaka, Japan). Additional details are in Supporting Materials and Methods.