Glutamate-induced Excitotoxicity Mitigation

To investigate the benefit role of test compounds on the glutamate-induced excitotoxicity, differentiated HT-22 cells were treated with 0.1 mmol/L glutamate for 24 h and then incubated with either γ-oryzanol (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. # CDS021604) at specified concentrations (ranging from 0.2 to 0.4 mmol/L) or 10 µmol/L memantine hydrochloride (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. # M9292) for another 24 h at 37 °C [22 (link)]. Differentiated HT-22 cells that were not subjected to any treatment were used as control samples. To prepare the experimental compounds, a stock solution with a concentration of 1 mmol/L was made using dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO, Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA; Cat. # D8418) as the solvent. The stock solution was then appropriately diluted in the culture medium to obtain concentrations suitable for the subsequent study. The final concentration of DMSO was 0.1% (v/v), a concentration known to be non-toxic to cells [23 (link)].