The sample used in the metabolomic analysis was the same as the sample used for RNA‐seq. Metabolite extraction was conducted according to the manufacturer's instruction (Wuhan MetWare Biotechnology Co., Ltd., Wuhan, China), and metabolomic analysis was carried out using UPLC‐MS/MS (UPLC: Shim‐pack UFLC SHIMADZU CBM30A, Kyoto, Japan; MS/MS: Applied Biosystems 4500 Q TRAP, Foster City, CA, USA) according to the method described in our previous study (Ding et al., 2019a (link)). Three independent biological replications were performed. The identified metabolites were annotated using the metware database (http://www.metware.cn). Differential metabolites between groups were determined by ¦Log2FC¦ ≥ 1 and VIP ≥1.