Retinoids were analyzed by normal-phase HPLC as described previously (38 (link)). In brief, retinoids in hexane extractions were evaporated, redissolved in 100 μl of hexane, and separated on a silica column (Zorbax-Sil, 5 μm, 250 × 4.6 mm, Agilent Technologies) by gradient (0.2–10% dioxane in hexane at 2.0 ml/min flow rate) or non-gradient (10% dioxane in hexane at 1.0 ml/min flow rate) elution of the mobile phase in an Agilent 1100 liquid chromatograph.
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