Cell Titer-Glo® Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega, Madison, WI, USA) was used to assess the ATP levels in CeO2 NPs-treated ARPE-19 cells according to the manufacturer’s instructions. Luminescence was recorded using a Synergy H4 Hybrid microplate reader.
The cytotoxicity of CeO2 NPs was examined using the LDH Release Assay (Beyotime, Beijing, China) as described previously.27 (link)