NOD.scid and NOD/ShiLtJ mice were obtained from The Jackson Laboratories. All mice were bred and housed at the St. Jude Animal Resources Center (Memphis, TN) in a Helicobacter-free specific pathogen-free facility following state, national, and institutional mandates. NOD.129S2(B6)-Ins2tm1Jja/GseJ (referred to as NOD.Ins2−/− mice), originally obtained from Jackson laboratories, NOD.Foxp3DTR mice originally obtained from JDRF repository (18 (link)) and C57BL/6-Tg(Nr4a1-EGFP/cre)820Khog/J (referred to as Nur77GFP) were crossed in our facility to NOD.scid mice (99.3% NOD by SNP analysis). All animal experiments were preformed in an AAALAC-accredited, SPF facility following national, state and institutional guidelines. Animal protocols were approved by the St. Jude Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee.