RNA was extracted from infected Caco2 cells using the QIAsymphony RNA kit (Qiagen, Germany), and RNA was extracted from hamster lung tissues using the RNeasy Mini kit (Qiagen, Germany). Viral gene copies of SARS-CoV-2 was quantified by the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) using the QuantiNova Probe RT-PCR kit (Qiagen, Germany) as previously described 28 (link), 29 (link).
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