Total RNA was isolated using Trizol reagent according to manufacturer instructions (Invitrogen). Complimentary DNA was obtained using High-Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription Kit (Applied Biosystems). Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) was performed using Maxima SYBR Green qPCR Master Mixes (Thermo Scientific) as described previously [22 (link)]. Analysis for each gene was carried out three times and normalized to β-actin housekeeping gene expression. Primer information is provided in Supplementary Information.