The symbiotic interaction of wild-type Bradyrhizobium DOA9 and derivatives with A. americana was analyzed as described by Wongdee et al. (2016 (link), 2018) (link). At 20 days post-inoculation (dpi), the numbers of nodules on the roots were determined, and the nitrogenase enzyme activity of the plants was measured using the acetylene reduction assay (ARA). For cytological analysis, fresh nodules were sliced into 30-micron sections using a vibratome (Leica VT1000S Vibrating blade microtome, United States). Nodule sections of plants inoculated with DOA9-PmrpoN strains were stained with X-gluc (Bonaldi et al., 2010 (link)). After staining, the sections were mounted on microscope slides and observed by light microscopy. Nodule section of plants inoculated with rpoN mutants were stained with Live-Dead staining reagent (Invitrogen), after which they were analyzed using confocal microscopy as described by Okazaki et al. (2016) (link).
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