T1D was diagnosed according to the presence of classical symptoms at the onset, blood glucose concentration above 11.1 mmol/l and the presence of at least one of the assessed autoantibodies: islet cells (ICA), glutamic acid decarboxylase (anti-GAD), insulinoma-associated tyrosine phosphatase (IA-2A) autoantibodies.
All patients underwent a complete physical examination with anthropometric measurements.
We assessed the metabolic control of diabetes and the presence of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed using direct ophthalmoscopy through dilated pupils. Neuropathy assessment was performed using pressure sensation (10-g monofilament perception), vibration perception (128-Hz tuning fork), and ankle reflex tests. Diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed in patients with two or more of the following four components: the presence of typical symptoms of neuropathy, the absence of ankle tendon reflexes, and/or abnormal scores for pressure and/or vibration perception.
Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. Serum lipids and creatinine were measured with standard techniques. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured using the high-performance liquid chromatography method aligned to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DCCT standard.
All patients underwent a complete physical examination with anthropometric measurements.
We assessed the metabolic control of diabetes and the presence of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy. Diabetic retinopathy was diagnosed using direct ophthalmoscopy through dilated pupils. Neuropathy assessment was performed using pressure sensation (10-g monofilament perception), vibration perception (128-Hz tuning fork), and ankle reflex tests. Diabetic neuropathy was diagnosed in patients with two or more of the following four components: the presence of typical symptoms of neuropathy, the absence of ankle tendon reflexes, and/or abnormal scores for pressure and/or vibration perception.
Blood samples were obtained after an overnight fast. Serum lipids and creatinine were measured with standard techniques. Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) was measured using the high-performance liquid chromatography method aligned to the Diabetes Control and Complications Trial DCCT standard.
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