The mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) was measured using MitoProbe™ JC-1 Assay Kit (#M34152, Thermo Fisher Scientific, Waltham, MA) as previously described [15 (link)]. The activities of complexes on the electron transport chain were measured using Complex I Enzyme Activity Microplate Assay Kit (Abcam, #ab109721); Complex II Enzyme Activity Microplate Assay Kit (Abcam, #ab109908); and Complex IV Human Enzyme Activity Microplate Assay Kit (Abcam, #ab109909) according to the manufacturers’ protocol. Results were normalized by the protein amounts in each assay.
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